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2. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

   x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x, but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries.

3. Complex number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

   This formula distinguishes the complex number i from any real number, since the square of any (negative or positive) real number is always a non-negative real number. With this definition of multiplication and addition, familiar rules for the arithmetic of rational or real numbers continue to hold for complex numbers.

4. Mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

   There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures), geometry (the study of shapes and spaces that contain them), analysis (the study of continuous changes), and set theory (presently used as a foundation for all mathematics).

5. Complex conjugate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate

   In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are real numbers, then the complex conjugate of a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} is a − b i . {\displaystyle a-bi.}

6. Grassmann number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann_number

   In mathematical physics, a Grassmann number, named after Hermann Grassmann (also called an anticommuting number or supernumber), is an element of the exterior algebra of a complex vector space. [1] The special case of a 1-dimensional algebra is known as a dual number .

7. Residue (complex analysis) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(complex_analysis)

   This formula can be very useful in determining the residues for low-order poles. For higher-order poles, the calculations can become unmanageable, and series expansion is usually easier. For essential singularities, no such simple formula exists, and residues must usually be taken directly from series expansions.