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Skeletons of a human and an elephant. Comparative foot morphology involves comparing the form of distal limb structures of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates.Understanding the role that the foot plays for each type of organism must take account of the differences in body type, foot shape, arrangement of structures, loading conditions and other variables.
Pes of a rodent, Eurasian hamster Cricetus cricetus. The pes (Latin for foot) is the zoological term for the distal portion of the hind limb of tetrapod animals. [1] It is the part of the pentadactyl limb that includes the metatarsals and digits ().
In terrestrial vertebrates, digitigrade (/ ˈ d ɪ dʒ ɪ t ɪ ˌ ɡ r eɪ d /) [1] locomotion is walking or running on the toes (from the Latin digitus, 'finger', and gradior, 'walk').A digitigrade animal is one that stands or walks with its toes (phalanges) on the ground, and the rest of its foot lifted.
Plantigrade foot occurs normally in humans in static postures of standing and sitting. It should also occur normally in gait (walking). Hypertonicity , spasticity , clonus , limited range of motion, abnormal flexion neural pattern, and a plantar flexor (calf) muscle contracture, as well as some forms of footwear such as high heeled shoes may ...
A closeup of a rat tail. The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which suggest three primary functions of this structure: thermoregulation, [13] minor proprioception, and a nocifensive-mediated degloving response. [14]
[1] [3] In some species, self-scratching of the flank gland, typically with a hind foot, causes secretion of an oily substance that leaves the surrounding hair visibly matted and emits a chemical odor. [2] These chemicals vary in composition within the same species as well as within an individual as it progresses through sexual maturity. [4]
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The black rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the roof rat, ship rat, or house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the stereotypical rat genus Rattus, in the subfamily Murinae. [1] It likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, but is now found worldwide. [2] The black rat is black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside.