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Skeletons of a human and an elephant. Comparative foot morphology involves comparing the form of distal limb structures of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates.Understanding the role that the foot plays for each type of organism must take account of the differences in body type, foot shape, arrangement of structures, loading conditions and other variables.
In terrestrial vertebrates, digitigrade (/ ˈ d ɪ dʒ ɪ t ɪ ˌ ɡ r eɪ d /) [1] locomotion is walking or running on the toes (from the Latin digitus, 'finger', and gradior, 'walk').A digitigrade animal is one that stands or walks with its toes (phalanges) on the ground, and the rest of its foot lifted.
The pes (Latin for foot) is the zoological term for the distal portion of the hind limb of tetrapod animals. [1] It is the part of the pentadactyl limb that includes the metatarsals and digits . During evolution, it has taken many forms and served a variety of functions.
Plantigrade foot occurs normally in humans in static postures of standing and sitting. It should also occur normally in gait (walking). Hypertonicity , spasticity , clonus , limited range of motion, abnormal flexion neural pattern, and a plantar flexor (calf) muscle contracture, as well as some forms of footwear such as high heeled shoes may ...
The bushy-tailed woodrat, or packrat (Neotoma cinerea) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found in Canada and the United States. [2] Its natural habitats are boreal forests, temperate forests, dry savanna, temperate shrubland, and temperate grassland.
Leg and foot structure [ edit ] The legs of tetrapods , the main group of terrestrial vertebrates (which also includes amphibious fish ), have internal bones, with externally attached muscles for movement, and the basic form has three key joints : the shoulder joint, the knee joint, and the ankle joint, at which the foot is attached.
The movement of each limb was partitioned into a stance phase, where the foot was in contact with the ground, and a swing phase, where the foot was lifted and moved forwards. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Each limb must complete a cycle in the same length of time , otherwise one limb's relationship to the others can change with time, and a steady pattern cannot ...
A closeup of a rat tail. The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which suggest three primary functions of this structure: thermoregulation, [13] minor proprioception, and a nocifensive-mediated degloving response. [14]