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The Freedom Train was a graffiti mural painted on a New York City Subway train of R36s on July 3, 1976. The artwork was intended to commemorate the United States Bicentennial, but it was prevented from being seen in public by the New York City Transit Authority who removed the train from public service. [1]
Although most of his paintings were executed solo, Caine 1 was a member of The Knight Hawks graffiti crew. [7] In 1976 Glowaski planned and executed, what was regarded as, the first whole train in graffiti history. The painting was named The Freedom Train and was completed to coincide with the United States Bicentennial. [8]
The Clean Train Movement started in May 1989, when New York City attempted to remove all of the subway cars found with graffiti on them out of the transit system, as they brought in new graffiti-free rolling stock like the R62, R62A, R68, and R68A. Because of this, many graffiti vandals were unable to continue vandalizing them.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa , especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. [42] Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially.
The Clean Train Movement, wherein the rolling stock was either cleaned or outright replaced, started in 1985, with the last graffiti-covered train out of service by 1989. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 12 ] With subway trains being increasingly inaccessible, other property became the targets of graffiti.
JA began painting graffiti in New York as a teenager, [2] and by 1985 was known for his work on the city's trains. [3] JA One took on his tag in 1986. [4] In response to the MTA's clamp down on train graffiti, initiated under the leadership of David L. Gunn, [5] JA One spearheaded the movement to take graffiti bombing onto the streets. [6]
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As a subway graffiti artist, Lee almost exclusively painted whole cars, all together about 125 cars. He was the major contributor to one of the first-ever whole-trains, along with DOC, MONO and SLAVE, the core members of The Fabulous Five crew, which also included DIRTY SLUG. It was the first ever whole-train to run in traffic. [4]