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On 13 April 1791, the Pope forced the issue by issuing the papal encyclical Charitas, officially condemning the Revolution's actions towards the Church and leveling excommunication upon any clergy who took the oath. [16] The clergy split into juring priests (those who took the oath) and non-juring or refractory priests (those who refused).
During this time countless non-juring priests were interned in chains on prison ships in French harbors where most died within a few months from the unhealthy conditions. Victor Henri Juglar, Plundering of a church during the French Revolution of 1793, Vizille, Museum of the French Revolution. The juring priests weren't spared either.
In French history, non-jurors or Refractory clergy were clergy members who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy; also known as refractory clergy, priests and bishops
Refractory clergymen were gradually suppressed, in the name of "respect for public order established by law". [21] Pope Pius VI condemned the principles of the French Revolution in March 1791. He clearly opposed the civil constitution of the clergy and the Constituent Assembly's unilateral revocation of the Concordat of Bologna. Human rights ...
Looting of a church during the Revolution, by Swebach-Desfontaines (c. 1793). The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion ...
The Martyrology of the French Revolution, published in 1821 during the royalist restoration under Louis XVIII by the former Dominican Aimé Guillon de Montléon, [4] compared the victims of religious persecution in revolutionary France to the early Christian martyrs. It contained a detailed chapter on the fate of the Rochefort ship's occupants.
The term "Red Priests" (French: Curés rouges) or "Philosopher Priests" is a modern historiographical term that refers to Catholic priests who, to varying degrees, supported the French Revolution (1789-1799). The term "Red Priests" was coined in 1901 by Gilbert Brégail and later adopted by Edmond Campagnac.
The term was used pejoratively in the Catholic clergy to refer to priests who took an oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on July 10, 1790. Pope Pius VI, in an instruction of September 26, 1791, and in an apostolic letter of March 19, 1792, forbade the faithful to receive communion, the sacrament of marriage, or any other sacrament from the hands of a parish priest or other juring ...