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On 13 April 1791, the Pope forced the issue by issuing the papal encyclical Charitas, officially condemning the Revolution's actions towards the Church and leveling excommunication upon any clergy who took the oath. [16] The clergy split into juring priests (those who took the oath) and non-juring or refractory priests (those who refused).
A commemorative plate from 1790 shows a curé swearing to the Constitution.. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (French: Constitution civile du clergé) was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that sought the complete control over the Catholic Church in France by the French government. [1]
In French history, non-jurors or Refractory clergy were clergy members who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy; also known as refractory clergy, priests and bishops
Refractory clergymen were gradually suppressed, in the name of "respect for public order established by law". [21] Pope Pius VI condemned the principles of the French Revolution in March 1791. He clearly opposed the civil constitution of the clergy and the Constituent Assembly's unilateral revocation of the Concordat of Bologna. Human rights ...
Looting of a church during the Revolution, by Swebach-Desfontaines (c. 1793). The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion ...
The victims were 160 Catholic priests known as 'refractory clergy' (French: clergé réfractaire) who had been arrested in the area. After being initially held at Saint-Clément Convent, they were moved in the summer of 1793 to the Carmelite Mission in Nantes because it had been converted into a prison.
Since only a minority of the clergy professed the oath, this created a schism between officially sanctioned "constitutional priests" and non-sanctioned "refractory priests." Pope Pius VI introduced a foreign aspect to the controversy by denouncing the Civil Constitution in 1791.
[7] [8] It supplemented an earlier law of 10 March 1793, which created the revolutionary tribunals but contained a much narrower definition of suspects. [5] Before its enactment, obstinate, anti-republican Catholic priests, called 'refractory clergy' (French: clergé réfractaire), were alleged to be royalist suspects by the Decree of 17 ...