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The societal ideal of male and female co-leadership originated with the Inca religious belief that the gods they worshipped displayed both masculine and feminine traits. A cacical couple was considered to be more powerful than an individual man or woman. Inca origin stories describe a founding noble couple.
Inca leaders kept records of what each ayllu in the empire produced but did not tax them on their production. They instead used the mita for the support of the empire. The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish and vegetables, supplemented less frequently with the meat of cuyes (guinea pigs) and camelids. In addition, they hunted various animals ...
The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, [14] "the suyu of four [parts]". In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital.
Redistributing women was an extremely successful way of gaining the loyalty of those who had just been conquered by the Inca because it conferred status to the families of selected women and helped to build trust between officials and locals. Their service was also essential for establishing the Inca culture across the empire.
Scholars have noted the importance of understanding women’s leadership because research has shown that while women are less likely to emerge as leaders than men, women have been found to be more effective in many contexts. [2] Significant organizational potential is lost when qualified women are underrepresented in leadership positions. [2]
As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani. However, records created during the Spanish colonial period allow us to reconstruct a partial list. There were likely more than 86 wamani, with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast. [36] [37] [38]
Nahua philosophy was an intellectual tradition developed by individuals called tlamatini ('those who know something') [11] and its ideas are preserved in various Aztec codices and fragmentary texts. Some of these philosophers are known by name, such as Nezahualcoyotl , Aquiauhtzin , Xayacamach , Tochihuitzin coyolchiuhqui and Cuauhtencoztli.
Gender roles existed in Mesoamerica, with a sexual division of labour meaning that women took on many domestic tasks including child-rearing and food preparation while only men were typically allowed to use weapons and assume positions of leadership. [1] Both men and women farmed, but in some societies, women were not permitted to plough the ...