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Pancake kidney (also known as disc, shield or doughnut kidney [1]) is a rare anomaly of the kidney with complete fusion of the superior, mild and inferior poles of both kidneys. The kidney is seen as a single, disc-shaped mass typically located in the pelvis. [2] Each kidney has its own ureter that does not cross the midline. [1]
Horseshoe kidney, or sometimes renal fusion, is a congenital disorder where the two kidneys fuse together into one during fetal development, resulting in one large horseshoe-shaped kidney. Normally during fetal development, the kidneys develop in the pelvis, and progress through a series of phases called pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros ...
Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) is a very rare constellation of symptoms resulting from either obstruction or stenosis of the inferior vena cava.It can be caused by physical invasion or compression by a pathological process, or by thrombosis within the vein itself.
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a common type of renal cystic disease, and it is a cause of an abdominal mass in infants. [5]
One kilogram of extra protein is deposited, with half going to the fetus and placenta, and another half going to uterine contractile proteins, breast glandular tissue, plasma protein, and haemoglobin. An increased requirement for nutrients is given by fetal growth and fat deposition. Changes are caused by steroid hormones, lactogen, and cortisol.
1. Raspberry Rally. This little treat occupies a unique spot in Girl Scout cookie history. It arrived in 2023; it was the first cookie available exclusively online, and by 2024, it was gone.
Horseshoe kidney, also known as ren arcuatus (in Latin), renal fusion or super kidney, is a congenital disorder affecting about 1 in 500 people that is more common in men, often asymptomatic, and usually diagnosed incidentally. [1] [2] In this disorder, the patient's kidneys fuse to form a horseshoe-shape during development in the womb.
Hydronephrosis describes hydrostatic dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream. Alternatively, hydroureter describes the dilation of the ureter, and hydronephroureter describes the dilation of the entire upper urinary tract (both the renal pelvicalyceal system and the ureter).