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  2. History of spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy

    Spectroscope of Kirchhoff and Bunsen. The systematic attribution of spectra to chemical elements began in the 1860s with the work of German physicists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, [30] who found that Fraunhofer lines correspond to emission spectral lines observed in laboratory light sources. This laid way for spectrochemical analysis in ...

  3. Robert Bunsen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen

    Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (German:; 30 March 1811 [a] – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. [11] The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.

  4. Gustav Kirchhoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff

    [1] [2] He also coined the term black body in 1860. [3] Several different sets of concepts are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, which include Kirchhoff's circuit laws, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, and Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Kirchhoff and his colleague, Robert ...

  5. 1860 United States census - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census

    The 1860 United States census was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321 [1] in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.6 percent [1] over the 23,191,876 [2] persons enumerated during the 1850 ...

  6. 1860 in science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_in_science

    September 3–5 – Karlsruhe Congress, the first international meeting of chemists. Marcellin Berthelot rediscovers and names acetylene.; Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, using their newly improved spectroscope, discover and name caesium in mineral water from Bad Dürkheim, Germany.

  7. Flame test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_test

    In 1860, the unexpected appearance of sky-blue and dark red was observed in spectral emissions by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, leading to the discovery of two alkali metals, caesium and rubidium (dark red). [4] [1] Today, this low-cost method is used in secondary education to teach students to detect metals in samples qualitatively. [2]

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  9. Fraunhofer lines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines

    About 45 years later, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen [7] noticed that several Fraunhofer lines coincide with characteristic emission lines identified in the spectra of heated chemical elements. [8] They inferred that dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by absorption by chemical elements in the solar atmosphere. [9]