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A circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule. This has the major advantage of having no free ends to the DNA.
Archaea usually have a single circular chromosome, [152] but many euryarchaea have been shown to bear multiple copies of this chromosome. [153] The largest known archaeal genome as of 2002 was 5,751,492 base pairs in Methanosarcina acetivorans. [154]
Since bacterial chromosomes are circular, the reference point cannot be an end of the DNA molecule, but must be some point that has some easily determinable unique characteristic. Often this point is the origin of replication , although for E. coli it is the origin of transfer during conjugation . [ 3 ]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 January 2025. DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell This article is about the DNA molecule. For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm). Chromosome (10 7 - 10 10 bp) DNA Gene (10 3 - 10 6 bp) Function A chromosome and its packaged long strand of DNA unraveled. The DNA's ...
The haploid circular chromosome in E. coli consists of ~ 4.6 x 10 6 bp. If DNA is relaxed in the B form , it would have a circumference of ~1.5 millimeters (0.332 nm x 4.6 x 10 6 ). However, a large DNA molecule such as the E. coli chromosomal DNA does not remain a straight rigid molecule in a suspension. [ 5 ]
Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and has no ends. Examples include: Plasmids, mobile genetic elements; cccDNA, formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei; Circular bacterial chromosomes; Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids; Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
Chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C) (also known as circular chromosome conformation capture) captures interactions between one locus and all other genomic loci. It involves a second ligation step, to create self-circularized DNA fragments, which are used to perform inverse PCR. Inverse PCR allows the known sequence to be used to ...
In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms closed circular molecules that contain 16,569 [4] [5] DNA base pairs, [6] with each such molecule normally containing a full set of the mitochondrial genes. Each human mitochondrion contains, on average, approximately 5 such mtDNA molecules, with the quantity ranging between 1 and 15. [ 6 ]