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  2. Orbital hybridisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation

    In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

  3. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    This is a weighted sum of the wavefunctions. Now choose a second hybrid orbital s + √ λ j p j, where p j is directed in some way and λ j is the amount of p character in this second orbital. The value of λ j and direction of p j must be determined so that the resulting orbital can be normalized and so that it is orthogonal to the first ...

  4. Isovalent hybridization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovalent_hybridization

    In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates ...

  5. Bent bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_bond

    This is because according to Bent's rule, the C–F bond gains p-orbital character leading to high s-character in the C–H bonds, and H–C–H bond angles approaching those of sp 2 orbitals – e.g. 120° – leaving less for the F–C–H bond angle. The difference is again explained in terms of bent bonds.

  6. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths , bond angles , torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

  7. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    Relativistic effects on the electron orbitals of superheavy elements is predicted to influence the molecular geometry of some compounds. For instance, the 6d 5/2 electrons in nihonium play an unexpectedly strong role in bonding, so NhF 3 should assume a T-shaped geometry, instead of a trigonal planar geometry like its lighter congener BF 3. [38]

  8. Bent molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry

    In chemistry, molecules with a non-collinear arrangement of two adjacent bonds have bent molecular geometry, also known as angular or V-shaped. Certain atoms, such as oxygen, will almost always set their two (or more) covalent bonds in non-collinear directions due to their electron configuration .

  9. Chemical bonding of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bonding_of_water

    Isovalent hybridization refers to advanced or second order atomic orbital mixing that does not produce simple sp, sp 2, and sp 3 hybridization schemes. For molecules with lone pairs, the bonding orbitals are isovalent hybrids since different fractions of s and p orbitals are mixed to achieve optimal bonding.