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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit, also known as the thoracic outlet. [1]
It happens when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the lower leg, thigh or pelvis, but sometimes also in the arm, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The very term "acrocyanosis" is often applied inappropriately in cases when blue discoloration of the hands, feet, or parts of the face is noted. [1] The principal (primary) form of acrocyanosis is that of a benign cosmetic condition, [ 2 ] sometimes caused by a relatively benign neurohormonal disorder. [ 3 ]
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs or pelvis. [9] [a] A minority of DVTs occur in the arms. [11] Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, and enlarged veins in the affected area, but some DVTs have no symptoms. [1]
Paget–Schroetter disease (which evolved from a venous thoracic outlet syndrome) is a form of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a medical condition in which blood clots form in the deep veins of the arms. These DVTs typically occur in the axillary and/or subclavian veins. [1]
Furthermore, mongolian spots, large birthmarks, and the consumption of food products with blue or purple dyes can also result in the bluish skin tissue discoloration and may be mistaken for cyanosis. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Appropriate physical examination and history taking is a crucial part to diagnose cyanosis.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) (literally: 'painful blue inflammation'), not to be confused with preceding phlegmasia alba dolens, is an uncommon severe form of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) that obstructs blood outflow from a vein.
An affected part turning white, then blue, then red, burning [2] Complications: skin sores, gangrene [2] Usual onset: 15–30 year old, typically females [3] [4] Duration: Up to several hours per episode [2] Risk factors: Cold, emotional stress [2] Diagnostic method: Based on the symptoms [3] Differential diagnosis: Causalgia, erythromelalgia ...