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Possible sanxian (left) and pipa, from a 762-827 A.D. painting in the Mogao caves near Dunhuang―Grotto 46 Left interior wall, second panel. Also called cave 112. It has been suggested that sanxian, a form of spike lute, may have its origin in the Middle East, and older forms of spike lute were also found in ancient Egypt. [1]
In Okinawa of Japan known as sanshin, in China as sanxian, in traditional Mongolian Shudraga and Vietnam known as đàn tam. Yatug-a zithers - a plucked zither which is used in two sizes nowadays: (Master Yatug-a) (Mongolian: ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭ ᠠ) - usually equipped with 21 strings, sometimes 23 strings.
Sanxian – plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neck; the ancestor of the Japanese shamisen Duxianqin ( simplified Chinese : 独弦琴 ; traditional Chinese : 獨弦琴 ) – the instrument of the Jing people (Vietnamese people in China), a plucked, monochord zither with only one string, tuned to C3.
The plucked string section is unique to Chinese orchestra due to the large number of traditional Chinese lute-type instruments. [14] The orchestra moved to Taiwan after the Communist victory in 1949. [12] A number of folk ensembles were established in the 1950s in the PRC, the first of these was the Shanghai Chinese Orchestra.
The ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) is a traditional Chinese plucked string instrument.It is a lute with a fretted neck, a circular body, and four strings. Its four strings were formerly made of silk but since the 20th century they have been made of steel (flatwound for the lower strings).
Sanxian – plucked lute with three strings, the small "southern" type is used, tuned to D3, A3, D4. Qinqin – plucked lute, tuned to D3, A3, (optional 3rd string is tuned to D3) Guban – Wooden clapper and small drum (biqigu, diangu, or huaigu) Several other instruments sometimes are also used:
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Often, the orchestra will include the wooden fish (muyu), the pipa, sugudu, and sanxian lutes, the reed pipe, and the guqin and guzheng zithers. In the pre-1949 rituals, participants had to be male, virtuous and honorable (usually this meant that membership was hereditary), and they had to donate to the association.