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Possible sanxian (left) and pipa, from a 762-827 A.D. painting in the Mogao caves near Dunhuang―Grotto 46 Left interior wall, second panel. Also called cave 112. It has been suggested that sanxian, a form of spike lute, may have its origin in the Middle East, and older forms of spike lute were also found in ancient Egypt. [1]
Liuqin – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four and five strings; Ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) – moon-shaped lute in five sizes: gaoyin-, xiao-, zhong-, da-, and diyin-; sometimes called ruanqin (阮琴) Yueqin – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
Rectangular box lute with leather tuning rings gusle [3] [4] [5] Serbia, Montenegro and elsewhere in the former Yugoslavia: 321.312 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg Serbian gusle ⓘ morin khuur horse-head fiddle, Mongolia, Tuva: 321.312
The plucked string section is unique to Chinese orchestra due to the large number of traditional Chinese lute-type instruments. [14] The orchestra moved to Taiwan after the Communist victory in 1949. [12] A number of folk ensembles were established in the 1950s in the PRC, the first of these was the Shanghai Chinese Orchestra.
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Sanxian – plucked lute with three strings, the small "southern" type is used, tuned to D3, A3, D4. Qinqin – plucked lute, tuned to D3, A3, (optional 3rd string is tuned to D3) Guban – Wooden clapper and small drum (biqigu, diangu, or huaigu) Several other instruments sometimes are also used:
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Shi's performances, accompanied by sanxian (lute) playing, would attract audience of thousands. [2] This story proved so popular that publishing houses and sellers began acquiring hand-written manuscripts to be circulated and sold. [3]