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  2. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by water depends on the state of the water. The absorption in the gas phase occurs in three regions of the spectrum. Rotational transitions are responsible for absorption in the microwave and far-infrared , vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared .

  3. Penetration depth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration_depth

    The penetration depth of X-rays in water as function of photon energy. Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/ e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just ...

  4. Nuclear fallout - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout

    The material intercepted by high altitude winds will continue to travel. When a radiation cloud at high altitude is exposed to rainfall, the radioactive fallout will contaminate the downwind area below. [37] Agricultural fields and plants will absorb the contaminated material and animals will consume the radioactive material.

  5. Neutron radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_radiation

    Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons. Typical phenomena are nuclear fission or nuclear fusion causing the release of free neutrons, which then react with nuclei of other atoms to form new nuclides —which, in turn, may trigger further neutron radiation.

  6. Beta particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle

    In water, beta radiation from many nuclear fission products typically exceeds the speed of light in that material (which is about 75% that of light in vacuum), [4] and thus generates blue Cherenkov radiation when it passes through water. The intense beta radiation from the fuel rods of swimming pool reactors can thus be visualized through the ...

  7. Radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation

    Beta radiation from linac accelerators is far more energetic and penetrating than natural beta radiation. It is sometimes used therapeutically in radiotherapy to treat superficial tumors. Beta-plus (β + ) radiation is the emission of positrons , which are the antimatter form of electrons.

  8. Ionizing radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

    However, this type of radiation is significantly absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, which is a radiation shield equivalent to about 10 meters of water. [ 7 ] The alpha particle was named by Ernest Rutherford after the first letter in the Greek alphabet , α , when he ranked the known radioactive emissions in descending order of ionising effect ...

  9. Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

    Ionizing radiation creates high-speed electrons in a material and breaks chemical bonds, but after these electrons collide many times with other atoms eventually most of the energy becomes thermal energy all in a tiny fraction of a second. This process makes ionizing radiation far more dangerous per unit of energy than non-ionizing radiation.