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The endorsement test is often invoked in situations where the government is engaged in expressive activities, such as graduation prayers, religious signs on government property, or religion in the curriculum. Pennsylvania Judge John E. Jones III cited the endorsement test in his 2005 decision in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.
Endorsement (alternatively spelled "indorsement") may refer to a: testimonial, a written or spoken statement promoting or advertising a product; political endorsement, publicly declaring support for a candidate; form added to an insurance policy, to modify its terms; signature on a negotiable instrument, such as a check
This endorsement must be covered by reliable and independent sources; Coverage of the endorsement needs to use the word endorse, or other closely related synonym. For organizations (including the media) there is consensus for criteria 1 and criteria 3, and no consensus for criteria 2.
The excessive entanglement test, together with the secular purpose and primary effect tests thereafter became known as the Lemon test, which judges have often used to test the constitutionality of a statute on establishment clause grounds. The Supreme Court decided Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist and Sloan v.
Endorsement lists are comprised of unambiguous endorsements from notable individuals or organizations for a political candidate running for an elected office. Embedded lists function identically to list articles, except that the list is embedded within another article, usually a campaign article.
An endorsement may also be accompanied by a number of points which can remain on the licence for up to 11 years. [2] If the total number of points on a licence equals or exceeds 12, the courts must ban the driver for a period of time, usually six months. [ 3 ]
Madison (1803), [51] [52] the modern test for whether a controversy constitutes a political question was established in Baker v. Carr (1962) with six criteria: a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department; a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it;
The coercion test is now used to determine the constitutionality of certain government actions under the Establishment Clause, along with Justice O'Connor's "endorsement or disapproval" test. The test "seeks to determine whether the state has applied coercive pressure on an individual to support or participate in religion." [25]