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According to Kress, a professor of English Education at the University of London, a reading path is the way that the text, or text plus other features, can determine or order the way that we read it. In a linear , written text, the reader makes sense of the text according to the arrangement of the words, both grammatically and syntactically.
Recent research on garden-path sentences has utilized adult second language learners, or L2 learners, to study difficulties in revision of the initial parsing of garden-path sentences. During the processing of garden-path sentences, the reader has an initial parse of the sentence, but often has to revise their parse because it is incorrect.
A written language is described as transparent when it strongly adheres to spelling-sound rules and contains few exception words. Because of this, the English language (low transparency) is considered less transparent than French (medium transparency) and Spanish (high transparency) which contain more consistent grapheme-phoneme mappings.
This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place". [2] Language switch Learners may insert a word from their first language into a sentence, and hope that their interlocutor will understand. [3] [9] Asking for clarification
Similar to Krashen's input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible input, which is characterized as a variety of language that can be understood by a learner, [3] is important for language learning. There are a number of ways in which input may be modified for the benefit of the learner.
Statistical learning theory suggests that, when learning language, a learner would use the natural statistical properties of language to deduce its structure, including sound patterns, words, and the beginnings of grammar. [46] That is, language learners are sensitive to how often syllable combinations or words occur in relation to other syllables.
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