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[3]: 208 When long-run marginal cost is below long-run average cost, long-run average cost is falling (as additional units of output are considered). [3]: 207 When long-run marginal cost is above long run average cost, average cost is rising. Long-run marginal cost equals short run marginal-cost at the least-long-run-average-cost level of ...
There are three principal cost functions (or 'curves') used in microeconomic analysis: Long-run total cost (LRTC) is the cost function that represents the total cost of production for all goods produced. Long-run average cost (LRAC) is the cost function that represents the average cost per unit of producing some good.
A long-run average cost curve is typically downward sloping at relatively low levels of output, and upward or downward sloping at relatively high levels of output. Most commonly, the long-run average cost curve is U-shaped, by definition reflecting economies of scale where negatively sloped and diseconomies of scale where positively sloped.
Each of these factors reduces the long run average costs (LRAC) of production by shifting the short-run average total cost (SRATC) curve down and to the right. Economies of scale is a concept that may explain patterns in international trade or in the number of firms in a given market.
In the long-run, firms change production levels in response to (expected) economic profits or losses, and the land, labour, capital goods and entrepreneurship vary to reach the minimum level of long-run average cost. A generic firm can make the following changes in the long-run: Enter an industry in response to (expected) profits
This long-run average cost diagram shows that as more is produced, so long as output does not exceed OQ 2, economies of scale are obtained. Beyond OQ 2, additional production will increase per-unit costs, reflecting diseconomies of scale. Consequently, the societally optimal firm size is OQ 2, where long-run average cost is at its lowest level.
The Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve plots the average cost of producing the lowest cost method. The Long Run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is the change in total cost attributable to a change in the output of one unit after the plant size has been adjusted to produce that rate of output at minimum LRAC.
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