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The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) Second edition, published by Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6; Pyles, T. (1964). The Origin and Development of the English Language. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Speake, Jennifer (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19 ...
Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English father, French père, and Armenian հայր (hayr) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. An extreme case is Armenian երկու (erku) and English two, which descend from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁; the sound change *dw > erk in Armenian is regular.
Examples of this include the word for 'five' in English, French (cinq), Russian (пять pyat'), and Armenian (հինգ hing); although none of these words sound like each other, all of them mean the same thing and are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *penkʷe meaning 'five' as well.
The IEED project was supervised by Alexander Lubotsky. [2] It aimed to accomplish the following goals: to compile etymological databases for the individual branches of Indo-European, containing all the words that can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European, and print them in Brill's Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary series,
The 2007 edition was updated with hundreds of new English and Russian words given language and culture changes in the previous few years. A review by The ATA Chronicle met the edition with some criticism, arguing that it provides fewer target terms than can be found in other dictionaries, such as Katzner's and the 2011 ABBYY Lingvo Comprehensive English-Russian Dictionary" and that "it also ...
A Middle Irish cognate is given when the Old Irish form is unknown, and Gaulish, Cornish and/or Breton (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh. For the Baltic languages, Lithuanian (modern) and Old Prussian cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian ...
The set of possible cognate pairings was then analyzed as a whole for predictable regularities. [13] Words were separated into groupings based on how many language families appeared to be cognate for the word. Among the 188 words, cognate groups ranged from 1 (no cognates) to 7 (all languages cognate) with a mean of 2.3 ± 1.1.
The dictionary was conceived in the 1950s with the inadequacy of the existing Slavic etymological dictionaries in mind. [1] Since 1961 the preparations began for the dictionary under the direction of Oleg Trubachev at the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the USSR. [2]