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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. [1] They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases , such as diabetes , atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and Alzheimer's disease .
The formation of imines is generally reversible, but subsequent to conversion to the keto-amine, the attached amine is fixed irreversibly. This Amadori product is an intermediate in the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGE)s. The formation of an advanced glycation end-product involves the oxidation of the Amadori product.
The crusts of most breads, such as this brioche, are golden-brown mostly as a result of the Maillard reaction.. The Maillard reaction (/ m aɪ ˈ j ɑːr / my-YAR; French:) is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars to create melanoidins, the compounds that give browned food its distinctive flavor.
Glucosepane is a lysine-arginine protein cross-linking product and advanced glycation end product (AGE) derived from D-glucose. [1] It is an irreversible, covalent cross-link product that has been found to make intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links in the collagen of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and crystallin of the eyes. [2]
N(6)-Carboxymethyllysine (CML), also known as N ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, is an advanced glycation endproduct (AGE). CML has been the most used marker for AGEs in food analysis. CML has been the most used marker for AGEs in food analysis.
Glycation is the non-enzymatic process responsible for many (e.g. micro and macrovascular) complications in diabetes mellitus and is implicated in some diseases and in aging. [2] [3] [4] Glycation end products are believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. [5]
For example, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are more prevalent in hyperglycemic conditions, can interfere with the normal function of the immune system and contribute to the pathogenesis of infections. [26] AGEs, whose cross-links are permanent will continue to harm the surrounding tissue until the proteins are destroyed.
Methylglyoxal is involved in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). [4] In this process, methylglyoxal reacts with free amino groups of lysine and arginine and with thiol groups of cysteine forming AGEs. Histones are also heavily susceptible to modification by methylglyoxal and these modifications are elevated in breast cancer ...