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Coastal erosion may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion by wind and water, and other forces, natural or unnatural. [3] On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones with varying resistance to erosion.
A headland, also known as a head, is a coastal landform, a point of land usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends into a body of water. It is a type of promontory. A headland of considerable size often is called a cape. [1] Headlands are characterised by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliff.
Coastal and oceanic landforms. Integrated coastal zone management minimizes the negative human impacts on coasts, enhances coastal defense, mitigates the risk associated with the sea level rise and other natural hazards. The beach erosion is a type of bioerosion which alters the coastal geography through beach morphodynamics.
Summary table of the common physical and anthropogenic causes of coastal land loss. [1] Land loss is the term typically used to refer to the conversion of coastal land to open water by natural processes and human activities. The term land loss includes coastal erosion. It is a much broader term than coastal erosion because land loss also ...
Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform; Rapids – River section with increased velocity and turbulence; Ravine – Small valley, often due to stream erosion; Ria – Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley; Ridge – Long, narrow, elevated landform; Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel
The best-known example in Germany is the Lange Anna on Heligoland, while, in England, a prominent example are Old Harry Rocks in Dorset. Ocean waves crashing against sea cliffs at Cape Pillar, Tasmania in Australia. Furthermore, on a rocky cliffed coast wave action is not the only driving force for coastline retreat.
Collapsed Ordovician limestone bank showing coastal erosion.NW Osmussaar, Estonia.. Coastal geography is the study of the constantly changing region between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, climatology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast.
A raised beach, coastal terrace, [1] or perched coastline is a relatively flat, horizontal or gently inclined surface of marine origin, [2] mostly an old abrasion platform which has been lifted out of the sphere of wave activity (sometimes called "tread").