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Rather than a single disease entity, periodontal disease is a combination of multiple disease processes that share a common clinical manifestation. The cause includes both local and systemic factors. The disease consists of a chronic inflammation associated with loss of alveolar bone. Advanced disease features include pus and exudates.
Eroded tooth enamel: Bulimia: Loss of deciduous and permanent teeth by late childhood: Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome Haim–Munk syndrome: Premature dentition (Natal teeth) Pachyonychia congenita type II: Grey–green discoloration of the mid-portion of permanent teeth: Minocycline-induced pigmentation: Brown discoloration of gingival third of teeth
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.
To complete the diagnosis, the extent of the disease must be assessed. This is defined as: mild (1-2mm), moderate (3-4mm) or severe (≥ 5mm) depending on the amount of attachment loss present. Radiographs such as bitewings, intra-oral periapicals or a panoramic radiograph can be taken to help assess the bone loss and aid in diagnosis.
Idiopathic osteosclerosis, also known as enostosis or dense bone island, is a condition which may be found around the roots of a tooth, usually a premolar or molar. [2] It is usually painless and found during routine radiographs as an amorphous radiopaque (light) area around a tooth.
Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria—bacteriophages—are most common in the oral cavity. Viral roles in the progression of periodontal disease as of 2017 remains poorly explored. [1]
Odontogenic sinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses that is the result of dental pathology, most often resulting from prior dentoalveolar procedures, infections of maxillary dentition, or maxillary dental trauma. [6] Infections associated with teeth may be responsible for approximately 20% of cases of maxillary sinusitis ...
The gingival tissue forms a crevice surrounding the tooth, similar to a miniature, fluid-filled moat, wherein food debris, endogenous and exogenous cells, and chemicals float. The depth of this crevice, known as a sulcus , is in a constant state of flux due to microbial invasion and subsequent immune response.