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Lithotripsy is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, [1] bezoars [2] or gallstones, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking (or pulverizing) stones" ( litho- + τρίψω [tripso]).
Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) is a medical procedure which uses targeted shockwaves to break up kidney stones and gallstones. [1] This form of extracorporeal lithotripsy is unique in that the shockwaves are produced by a vaporization bubble expanding and collapsing repeatedly, creating a pressure wave. [ 1 ]
Laser lithotripsy (LL) has been evaluated against Extracorporeal Shock Wave lithotripsy (ESWL), finding both to be safe and effective. [3] [4] ESWL may be safer for small stones (<10 mm), but less effective for 10–20 mm stones. [3] A 2013 meta-analysis found LL can treat larger stones (> 2 cm) with good stone-free and complication rates. [5]
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow, [9] [10] [11] shoulder rotator cuff pain, [12] [13] Achilles tendinitis, [14] [15] plantar fasciitis, [16] [17] and greater trochanteric pain syndrome. [18] ESWT is also used to promote bone healing and treat bone necrosis. [19]
In over-the-counter formulations, DXM is often combined with acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) to relieve pain; [3] however, to achieve DXM's dissociative effects, the maximum daily therapeutic dose of 4000 mg of APAP is often exceeded, potentially causing acute or chronic liver failure, making abuse and subsequent tolerance of products which ...
Caplan syndrome presents with cough and shortness of breath in conjunction with features of rheumatoid arthritis, such as painful joints and morning stiffness. Examination should reveal tender, swollen metacarpophalangeal joints and rheumatoid nodules; auscultation of the chest may reveal diffuse crackles that do not disappear on coughing or taking a deep breath.
Drakeo called his brand of hip-hop “nervous music,” which he described as the music that you make when you’re driving around South L.A. in a $100,000 car, looking over your shoulder at every ...
[citation needed] Bed rest interferes with the expansion of the chest and limits the amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in preparation for coughing, making the cough weak and ineffective. [ citation needed ] This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent ...