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A Roman colonia (pl.: coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "colony".
Castra (pl.) is a Latin term used during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire for a military 'camp', and castrum (sg.) [1] for a 'fort'. [2] Either could refer to a building or plot of land, used as a fortified military base.
Roman expeditions to sub-Saharan Africa west of the Nile River. Between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, several expeditions and explorations to Lake Chad and western Africa were conducted by groups of military and commercial units of Romans who moved across the Sahara and into the interior of Africa and its coast.
Centuriation (in Latin centuriatio or, more usually, limitatio [1]), also known as Roman grid, was a method of land measurement used by the Romans. In many cases land divisions based on the survey formed a field system , often referred to in modern times by the same name.
The Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius ordered the construction of the Antonine Wall around 142. [6] Quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor of Roman Britain at the time, initially supervised the effort, which may have taken as long as twelve years. [7]
Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire, although this is a matter of debate.By the early 2nd century, the Roman Empire had reached the peak of its territorial expansion and rather than constantly expanding their borders as earlier in the Empire and Republic, the Romans solidified their position by fortifying their ...
The Roman frontier became Hadrian's Wall again, although Roman incursions into Scotland continued. Initially, outpost forts were occupied in the south-west and Trimontium remained in use but they too were abandoned after the mid-180s. [82] Roman troops, however, penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times.
The groma (as standardized in the imperial Latin, sometimes croma, or gruma in the literature of the republican times) [1] was a surveying instrument used in the Roman Empire. [2] The groma allowed projecting right angles and straight lines and thus enabling the centuriation (setting up of a rectangular grid).