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Packing of irregular objects is a problem not lending itself well to closed form solutions; however, the applicability to practical environmental science is quite important. For example, irregularly shaped soil particles pack differently as the sizes and shapes vary, leading to important outcomes for plant species to adapt root formations and ...
Gács, Kurdyumov, and Levin found an automaton that, although it does not always solve the majority problem correctly, does so in many cases. [1] In their approach to the problem, the quality of a cellular automaton rule is measured by the fraction of the 2 i + j {\displaystyle 2^{i+j}} possible starting configurations that it correctly classifies.
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field. It is called an inverse problem because ...
However, "In December, 1980 when Guth was developing his inflation model, he was not trying to solve either the flatness or horizon problems. Indeed, at that time, he knew nothing of the horizon problem and had never quantitatively calculated the flatness problem". [22] He was a particle physicist trying to solve the magnetic monopole problem."
An example of a graph G with density d G ... solution was given by Charikar in 2000. [2] Many of the exact algorithms for solving the densest subgraph problem ...
This article describes how to use a computer to calculate an approximate numerical solution of the discretized equation, in a time-dependent situation. In order to be concrete, this article focuses on heat flow, an important example where the convection–diffusion equation applies. However, the same mathematical analysis works equally well to ...
The project began in January 2009 on Timothy Gowers's blog when he posted a problem and asked his readers to post partial ideas and partial progress toward a solution. [1] This experiment resulted in a new answer to a difficult problem, and since then the Polymath Project has grown to describe a particular crowdsourcing process of using an ...
The density of a solution is the sum of mass (massic) concentrations of the components of that solution. Mass (massic) concentration of each given component in a solution sums to density of the solution, =.