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Horizontal mobility, which is a type of social mobility, refers to the change of physical space or profession without changes in the economic situation, prestige, and lifestyle of the individual, or the forward or backward movement from one similar group or status to another.
Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine. Education has been seen as a key to social mobility and the advertisement appealed to Americans' belief in the possibility of self-betterment as well as threatening the consequences of downward mobility in the great income inequality existing during the Industrial Revolution.
A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or flat hierarchy) is an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organizational structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, and also to the nature of the relationships among those ...
On 27 October 1945, President Sukarno formed Jawatan Listrik dan Gas (Bureau of Electricity and Gas) under the Ministry of Public Works and Energy with a power generating capacity of 157.5 MW. In 1958, L.J.N. Eindhoven & Co was nationalised and converted into PN Gas. [1] PGN logo before rebranding on 10 December 2021
Sheller and Urry (2006, 215) place mobilities in the sociological tradition by defining the primordial theorist of mobilities as Georg Simmel (1858–1918). Simmel's essays, "Bridge and Door" (Simmel, 1909 / 1994) and "The Metropolis and Mental Life" (Simmel, 1903 / 2001) identify a uniquely human will to connection, as well as the urban demands of tempo and precision that are satisfied with ...
Some of the main assumptions underlying much of the early organizational communication research were: Humans act rationally.Some people do not behave in rational ways, they generally don't have access to all of the information needed to make rational decisions they could articulate, and therefore will make irrational decisions, unless there is some breakdown in the communication process ...
Horizontal integration, when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger) Vertical integration , when the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company (i.e. integration of multiple stages of production)
The Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory is a theory that deals with the individual dyadic relationships formed between leaders and their subordinates. [1] It is also widely known as The Leadership-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory. [2]