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Wood slabs can also become warped as a result of insufficient support from underlying shelf hardware (commonly referred to as sagging or bowing). [2] The types of wood warping include: bow: a warp along the length of the face of the wood; crook: a warp along the length of the edge of the wood; kink: a localized crook, often due to a knot
Arising in cut timber they generally cause a reduction in strength. When found in a log they can result in a significant amount of waste, when a log is converted to lumber. Apart from heart shakes, often found in trees felled past their best, shakes in a log have no effect on the strength of shake free lumber obtained therefrom. [1]
There are two types of drying defects, although some defects involve both causes: Defects from shrinkage anisotropy, resulting in warping: cupping, bowing, twisting, crooking, spring and diamonding. Defects from uneven drying, resulting in the rupture of the wood tissue, such as checks (surface, end and internal), end splits, honey-combing and ...
Bark pockets are considered a nuisance in the lumber industry because they are considered a defect, and lower the grade of the wood. [1] Bark pockets can also weaken tree forks , and can result in damage to the junction under stress.
A history of the lumber industry in the state of New York (US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, 1902) online; Fries, R. J. Empire in Pine. The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830-1900 (1951); Irland, Lloyd C. "Maine Lumber Production, 1839-1997: A Statistical Overview." Maine History 38.1 (1998): 36–49. online
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In addition, because the technology is not well known, there is little public information available about drying schedules, and many new producers of thermally modified woods experience a large % of drying defects, discoloration, brittleness, equipment malfunctions (including fires) and an inability to obtain the high durability ratings that ...
When logs are sold, in order to determine the basis for a sale price in a standard way, the logs are "scaled" which means they are measured, identified as to species, and deductions for defects assigned to produce a net volume of merchantable wood. There are several different scales or rules that are used to determine the volume of wood.