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In 1979, he showed that this was the lower bound for a certain class of algorithms, that include the Galler-Fischer structure. [5] In 1989, Fredman and Saks showed that Ω ( α ( n ) ) {\displaystyle \Omega (\alpha (n))} (amortized) words of O ( log n ) {\displaystyle O(\log n)} bits must be accessed by any disjoint-set data structure per ...
A decoherence-free subspace (DFS) is a subspace of a quantum system's Hilbert space that is invariant to non-unitary dynamics. Alternatively stated, they are a small section of the system Hilbert space where the system is decoupled from the environment and thus its evolution is completely unitary.
The example graph, copied from above. These two variations of DFS visit the neighbors of each vertex in the opposite order from each other: the first neighbor of v visited by the recursive variation is the first one in the list of adjacent edges, while in the iterative variation the first visited neighbor is the last one in the list of adjacent ...
Kruskal's algorithm [1] finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph.If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree.It is a greedy algorithm that in each step adds to the forest the lowest-weight edge that will not form a cycle. [2]
The two for-loops (line 7 and line 8) can be executed in parallel. The update of the next frontier (line 10) and the increase of distance (line 11) need to be atomic. Atomic operations are program operations that can only run entirely without interruption and pause. A PRAM Model. However, there are two problems in this simple parallelization.
This, like the Fibonacci-numbers example, is horribly slow because it too exhibits the overlapping sub-problems attribute. That is, it recomputes the same path costs over and over. However, we can compute it much faster in a bottom-up fashion if we store path costs in a two-dimensional array q[i, j] rather than using a
This makes it possible for multiple users on multiple machines to share files and storage resources. Distributed file systems differ in their performance, mutability of content, handling of concurrent writes, handling of permanent or temporary loss of nodes or storage, and their policy of storing content.
An example of such is the classic merge that appears frequently in merge sort examples. The classic merge outputs the data item with the lowest key at each step; given some sorted lists, it produces a sorted list containing all the elements in any of the input lists, and it does so in time proportional to the sum of the lengths of the input lists.