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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), also called fulguration, [1] is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor, sensory nerves or a dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current (in the range of 350–500 kHz).
While nephron-sparing surgery is the gold standard treatment for small, malignant renal masses, ablative therapies are considered a viable option in patients who are poor surgical candidates. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation have been used since the 1990s; however, in lesions larger than 3 cm, their efficacy is limited.
Cryoablation for breast cancer is typically only possible for small tumors. [3] Often surgery is used following cryoablation. [ 3 ] As of 2014 more research is required before it can replace lumpectomy .
Various local ablation therapies exist to induce necrosis of tumor cells and release tumor antigens to stimulate an immunological response. These ablation therapies can be combined with a systemic immunotherapy: Thermal ablation – local thermal ablation of tumor: Cryoablation; Radiofrequency ablation; High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation
Other documented procedure related complications include femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and renal artery dissection. [citation needed] Of particular concern is the theoretical risk of damage to renal arteries during delivery of radiofrequency energy. An animal study using swine showed no damage to the renal arteries at 6 month follow up.
The findings suggest IL1B macrophages could be a promising therapeutic target to treat kidney cancer, given this cell type has already been targeted using existing drugs that prevent lung cancer.
The technique for thermal ablation in the lung by using radiofrequency ablation was first described in 1995 for use in animal lung tumor models and then in 2000 in humans. [1-2] Microwave ablation has emerged as a newer ablation modality and an addition to the arsenal of minimally invasive cancer care.
These techniques are known as Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS) [32] [33] and Ultrasound guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (USgFUS) respectively. [ 1 ] [ 34 ] MRgFUS is a 3D imaging technique which features high soft tissue contrast and provides information about temperature, thus allowing to monitor ablation.