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Also some de Vries authorities include John Webb, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" November 1956, Nature Volume 178, pages 1074–1075, and M.W. Makowski, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" April 1957, Nature Volume 179, pages 778-779 and more recent notables include Nan Zhang Phd and Zhaoyu Wang PhD "Review of soil thermal conductivity and ...
Cupronickel or copper–nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper with nickel, usually along with small quantities of other metals added for strength, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel–copper alloy that contains a minimum of 52 percent nickel.)
Copper has a thermal conductivity of 231 Btu/(hr-ft-F). This is higher than all other metals except silver, a precious metal. Copper has a 60% better thermal conductivity rating than aluminum and has almost 30 times more thermal conductivity than stainless steel. [5]
As quoted from various sources in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals / Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics / Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature
The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat.It is commonly denoted by , , or and is measured in W·m −1 ·K −1.. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity.
It usually consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel. [2] Its main feature is the low thermal variation of its resistivity, which is constant over a wide range of temperatures. Other alloys with similarly low temperature coefficients are known, such as manganin (Cu [86%] / Mn [12%] / Ni [2%] ).
Like other nickel/iron compositions, Invar is a solid solution; that is, it is a single-phase alloy.In one commercial grade called Invar 36 it consists of approximately 36% nickel and 64% iron, [4] has a melting point of 1,427 °C (2,601 °F), a density of 8.05 g/cm 3 and a resistivity of 8.2 × 10 −5 Ω·cm. [5]
All values refer to 25 °C and to the thermodynamically stable standard state at that temperature unless noted. Values from CRC refer to "100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres)".