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Percentage of trained teachers by region (2000–2017) Teacher education or teacher training refers to programs, policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip (prospective) teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, approaches, methodologies and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community.
According to UNESCO and the OECD, [2] developed and developing countries across the world are grappling unsuccessfully with the problem of providing up to date teacher education both Initial Professional Development and continuing professional development to a diverse and large workforce (450,000 in England, [3] 1.3M in Pakistan in 2006 [4]).
More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their [own] qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors." [9] Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes.
The hierarchies are based on: age (i.e., adults have more power and higher status than children), gender (i.e., men have more power and higher status than women), and arbitrary-set, which are group-based hierarchies that are culturally defined and do not necessarily exist in all societies.
For a simple example, driving is common throughout the world, but in some countries people drive on the right and in other countries people drive on the left (see coordination game). A framework called comparative institutional analysis is proposed to deal with the game theoretical structural understanding of the variety of social norms.
Culturally relevant teaching is instruction that takes into account students' cultural differences. Making education culturally relevant is thought to improve academic achievement, [1] but understandings of the construct have developed over time [2] Key characteristics and principles define the term, and research has allowed for the development and sharing of guidelines and associated teaching ...
New teachers have to act in a way that is different from pupils and learn the new rules from people around them. [26] Secondary socialization is usually associated with teenagers and adults [citation needed] and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization. Examples of secondary socialization may include entering a new ...
The teacher is considered a respected role model in the community. Students should obey the teacher. Proper behaviour for the university or professional work community is emphasised. In alternative schools, students may be allowed to call teachers by their first names. Students and teachers may work together as collaborators.