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The horse has a "visual streak", or an area within the retina, linear in shape, with a high concentration of ganglion cells (up to 6100 cells/mm 2 in the visual streak compared to the 150 and 200 cells/mm 2 in the peripheral area). [12] Horses have better acuity when the objects they are looking at fall in this region.
The Henneke horse body condition scoring system is a numerical scale used to evaluate the amount of fat on a horse's body. It was developed in the early 1980s by Don Henneke at Texas A&M University with the goal of creating a universal scale to assess horses' bodyweight, [ 1 ] and was first published in 1983. [ 2 ]
Several plants, including nightshade, become more toxic as they wilt and die, posing a danger to horses eating dried hay or plant matter blown into their pastures. [ 3 ] The risk of animals becoming ill during the fall is increased, as many plants slow their growth in preparation for winter, and equines begin to browse on the remaining plants.
The North American Single-footing Horse, also called the Single-footing Horse or Single-footer, is a horse breed originating in the southern United States.The term "single-foot" refers to an intermediate ambling gait, sometimes alternately called the rack or paso largo, where the horse lifts each foot up separately and puts it down alone.
According to David Mellor and Ngaio Beausoleil, "most horses show clear behavioral signs of aversion to a bit in the mouth, ranging from mild irritation to intense pain". [44] These signals include the horse's resistance to being bridled and accepting the bit, mouth opening, teeth grinding, very profuse salivation and tongue movements. [45]
Horses with EMS will have an increased insulin response after they are given oral sugars, which will cause a subsequent rise in blood insulin levels, or hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia results in decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or insulin resistance, especially by the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue.
Antagonist to brachiocephalicus. Supports the back, helps to pull the body of the horse forward when a limb is extended and placed on the ground, also helps to flex the scapulohumeral joint. Longissimus capitis: originates on the first 2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae. Inserts into the atlas.
A drawing by Konrad Lorenz showing facial expressions of a dog. The grimace scale (GS), sometimes called the grimace score, is a method of assessing the occurrence or severity of pain experienced by non-human animals according to objective and blinded scoring of facial expressions, as is done routinely for the measurement of pain in non-verbal humans.