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Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish, it is found in several other animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopuses, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails).
The standard treatment is to support the respiratory and circulatory systems until the poison is metabolized and excreted by the victim's body. [9] Researchers have determined that a fugu's tetrodotoxin comes from eating other animals infested with tetrodotoxin-laden bacteria, to which the fish develops insensitivity over time. [10]
While chiri is much more likely to cause death, sashimi fugu often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips. [25] Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling over the body, rapid heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and muscle paralysis.
Other potential causes such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), scombrotoxin fish poisoning, and pufferfish poisoning should be excluded. [ 1 ] The reversal of hot and cold sensations is an occasional symptom of CFP that may help differentiate it from norovirus .
PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. [1] The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin, although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable.
Vibrio alginolyticus is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. [1] [2] It is medically important since it causes otitis and wound infection. [1]It is also present in the bodies of animals such as pufferfish, where it is responsible for the production of the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin.
Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis is a marine bacterium isolated from the surface slime of the puffer fish. It secretes the neurotoxin , tetrodotoxin . [ 2 ] It was originally described in 1990 as Alteromonas tetraodonis but was reclassified in 2001 to the genus Pseudoalteromonas .
Like other pufferfish, it can inflate itself with water or air. It forages for its preferred foods— molluscs and crustaceans —in sand and mud of the bottom sediment . Often an unwanted catch by anglers, the smooth toadfish is highly poisonous because of the tetrodotoxin present in its body, and eating it may result in death.