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Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
Lithium is approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar disorder and is widely prescribed off-label as a treatment for major depressive disorder, [12] often as an augmentation agent. Lithium is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. [13]
Buprenorphine has been used in the treatment of the neonatal abstinence syndrome, [119] a condition in which newborns exposed to opioids during pregnancy demonstrate signs of withdrawal. [120] In the United States, use currently is limited to infants enrolled in a clinical trial conducted under an FDA-approved investigational new drug (IND ...
Topical nicotinamide and topical zinc are safe, however, there are no FDA pregnancy category ratings. [27] [28] Topical salicylic acid and topical dapsone are classified as FDA pregnancy category C. [23] [28] Acne medications to avoid during pregnancy include oral isotretinoin and topical tazarotene as there have been reports of birth defects.
Buprenorphine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002. [8] The lowest optimal dose of buprenorphine is 8 mg. [8] Buprenorphine has fewer withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, lower risk for overdose, and lower potential for abuse; therefore, it is more effective for unsupervised treatment than methadone. [8]
Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. [3] It is used to treat opioid use disorder , and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl ).
Hendrée E. Jones is a researcher on women's substance abuse disorders and its impact on children. [1] She is a professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and adjunct professor in the University of North Carolina College of Arts & Sciences Department of Psychology and Neuroscience.
Buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, and naltrexone are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medication-assisted treatment (MAT). [117] In the U.S., the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) certifies opioid treatment programs (OTPs), where methadone can be dispensed at methadone clinics. [118]
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