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The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change is a book by Muhammad Qasim Zaman, a professor at Princeton University. Published in 2002 by Princeton University Press under the series titled Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics , this academic work examines the ulama of South Asia, with a focus on the Deobandis .
Modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars include the following, referring to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.
As Islamic Modernist beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official `ulama, the Brotherhood moved in a traditionalist and conservative direction, as it drew more and more of those Muslims "whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of Westernisation" -- being "the only available outlet" for such people. [89]
In his study Religion and State in Syria (2013), [88] Pierret pointed out how the training of Syria's ulama gradually became more institutionalised, based upon the traditional madrasa system. In 1920, the madrasa of the Khusruwiyah Mosque complex (which was to be destroyed in 2014 during the Syrian Civil War ) introduced an entrance exam and a ...
Orthodox ulama or "the religious establishment" found themselves in a difficult position during the wave of Islamic activism that swept through Egypt in the 1970s and 1980s. Most Ulama, including those of Al-Azhar University, are employees of the Egyptian state who "recognize the regime’s primacy, support its stability, and legitimize its ...
He also criticized the use of religion to exert political power. [36] In 1995 an Egyptian Sharia court declared him an apostate, this led to threats of death and his fleeing Egypt several week later. [36] He later "quietly" returned to Egypt where he died. [36] According to scholar Navid Kermani "three key themes" emerge from Abu Zayd's work:
“It’s about education. Hire people based on their merit. Refuse to turn America into a monolithic place that it was never intended to be. Practice the best of your religion. Treat your neighbors well. Make sure your children are educated and educate yourself. Smile at people and be open to people asking a question. Give charity.”
Islam has been the state religion in Egypt since the amendment of the second article of the Egyptian constitution in the year 1980, before which Egypt was recognized as a secular country. The vast majority of Egyptian Muslims are Sunni, with a small Mu'tazila , Shia Twelvers and the Shia Ismaili communities making up the remainder. [ 65 ]