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Originating from the Persian word for the gem, lāžward, [1] lapis lazuli is a rock composed primarily of the minerals lazurite, pyrite and calcite. As early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, [2] in Shortugai, and in other mines in Badakhshan province in modern northeast Afghanistan. [3]
Another Sar-e Sang Lazurite crystal, with the classic deep azure-blue color. Crystal is 4.5 cm wide. Sar-i Sang (or Sar-e Sang) (lit. "stone summit" in Persian) is a settlement in the Kuran Wa Munjan District of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, famous for its ancient lapis lazuli mines producing the world's finest lapis. [1]
Lapis lazuli (the pigment ultramarine) was chiefly supplied from Afghanistan during the Middle Ages, whereas azurite was a common mineral in Europe at the time. Sizable deposits were found near Lyons, France. It was mined since the 12th century in Saxony, in the silver mines located there. [17]
[1] [4] [5] Gemstones include high-quality emeralds, lapis lazuli, red garnet and ruby. According to a joint study by The Pentagon and the United States Geological Survey, Afghanistan has an estimated US$1 trillion [6] of untapped minerals. There are six lapis mines in Afghanistan, the largest being located in Badakhshan province.
Haüyne is valued significantly higher than lapis lazuli, but it is rarely found in jewelry quality suitable for cutting. Azurite or copper azure is much less often used as an ornamental stone due to its fragility and chemical instability, but this mineral has been known since ancient times as a pigment for blue tempera paint, mainly in icon ...
It has been mined for more than 6,000 years in the lapis lazuli district of Badakhshan. It has been used as a pigment in painting and cloth dyeing since at least the 6th or 7th century. [9] It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; Mount Vesuvius; Burma; Canada; and the United States. [9] The name is from the Persian lajvard for blue. [10]
Recent geological surveys have indicated the location of other gemstone deposits, in particular rubies and emeralds. [15] It is estimated that the mines at Kuran wa Munjan District hold up to 1,290 tonnes of azure (lapis lazuli). [16] Exploitation of this mineral wealth could be key to the region's prosperity. [15]
It was produced from lapis lazuli, a mineral whose major source was the mines of Sar-e-Sang in what is now northeastern Afghanistan. [7] It is now produced industrially by heating aluminosilicates with sulfur. It is widely used in coloring plastics. paints, laundry applications, cosmetics, and toys. [8]
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