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Ziran refers to a state of "as-it-isness," [5] the most important quality for anyone following Daoist beliefs. To become nearer to a state of ziran, one must become separate from unnatural influences and return to an entirely natural, spontaneous state. Ziran is related to developing an "altered sense of human nature and of nature per se". [6]
The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states. [47] Information bias: The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action. [100] Interoceptive bias or Hungry judge effect: The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one's judgement about external, unrelated ...
Professor Michael Polanyi on a hike in England. Polanyi's paradox, named in honour of the British-Hungarian philosopher Michael Polanyi, is the theory that human knowledge of how the world functions and of our own capability are, to a large extent, beyond our explicit understanding.
New states paradox: Adding a new state or voting block might increase the number of votes of another. Population paradox : A fast-growing state can lose votes to a slow-growing state. Arrow's paradox : Given more than two choices, no system can have all the attributes of an ideal voting system at once.
Because a mental state is not limited to a particular medium, it can be realized in multiple ways, including, theoretically, with non-biological systems, such as computers. A silicon-based machine could have the same sort of mental life that a human being has, provided that its structure realized the proper functional roles.
Pantheism was popularized in the modern era as both a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, [36] whose Ethics was an answer to Descartes' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate. [37] Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his ...
During the 19th century, anarchists formulated a critique of the state that upheld the inherently cooperative and decentralised aspects of human society. Anti-statism was later taken up by neoliberalism , which sought to cut state investment in the public sector and expand investment in the private sector .
The Four Great Errors are four mistakes of human reason regarding causal relationships that the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argues are the basis of all moral and religious propositions. Set forth in his book Twilight of the Idols , first published in 1889, these errors form the contrastive backdrop to his " revaluation of all values ."