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Rossoliński-Liebe sees "genocide", in this context, as a word that is sometimes used in political attacks on Ukraine. [221] However, historian Grzegorz Motyka, an expert on Polish-Ukrainian issues, argued in 2021 that "although the anti-Polish action was an ethnic cleansing, it also meets the definition of genocide". [222]
Švenčionys, modern-day Lithuania (then eastern Poland) Lithuanian Security Police: 400–1,200 Poles Łużki massacre 1 June 1942 Łużki Nazi Germany: 528 Jews Iwieniec massacre 9 June 1942 Iwieniec Nazi Germany: around 800 Jews Druja massacre 17 June 1942 Druja Nazi Germany: 1,000+ Jews Marków massacre 24 June 1942 Marków Nazi Germany ...
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, [3] along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, [4] included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles.
Olszański notes that in pre-war Poland, a Ukrainian nationalist movement could develop relatively freely even in the most radical forms, including the use of terror, and that the Polish state wasn't able to solve the problems concerning coexistence of Poles and Ukrainians, which resulted in popularization of nationalist and communist movements ...
According to archives of the NKVD, 111,091 Poles and people accused of ties with Poland, were sentenced to death, and 28,744 were sentenced to labor camps; 139,835 victims in total. [20] This number constitutes 10% of the total number of people officially convicted during the Yezhovshchina period, based on confirming NKVD documents.
German historian Hans-Erich Volkmann noted problems with German historiography, outlining some of the unreliability inherent in early post-war studies, which were still significantly affected by the Nazi era, and that the Bydgoszcz events were and still are used for political purposes. [60]
For the first time in history, these three categories of crimes were defined after the end of the war in international law as violations of fundamental human values and norms, regardless of internal (local) law or the obligation to follow superior orders. In subsequent years, the crime of genocide was elevated to a distinct, fourth category.
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German–Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September.