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The monotheistic syncretic religion but still retains many Vietnamese folk beliefs such as ancestral worship. Official government records counted 2.2 million registered members of Tây Ninh Cao Đài in 2005, but also estimated in 2007 that there were 3.2 million Caodaists including roughly a dozen other denominations. [50]
Vietnamese folk religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam) or Đạo Lương (道良) is a group of spiritual beliefs and practices adhered by the Vietnamese people. About 86% of the population in Vietnam are reported irreligious , [ 1 ] but are associated with this tradition.
In 1966 the Vietnamese Bible Society was established. These societies distributed 53,170 copies of the Bible and 120,170 copies of the New Testament in Vietnamese within the country in 2005. In 2017 Jehovah's Witnesses released the entire New World Translation of the Bible in Vietnamese.
During the Vietnam War, the US backed a Catholic named Ngô Đình Diệm for his leadership of South Vietnam. The US assumed that Diem would protect freedom of religion in South Vietnam, due to his deep faith, but instead he used his power to suppress Buddhism (which was the majority religion of South Vietnam) and promote Catholicism. [8]
Buddhism is the single largest organized religion in Vietnam, with somewhere between 45% and 55% of the population identifying themselves as Buddhist. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Some argued that the number is higher than reported, as many declared themselves as atheists but still participate in Buddhist activities.
Đạo is a Sino-Vietnamese word for "religion," similar to the Chinese term dao meaning "path," while Mẫu means "mother" and is loaned from Middle Chinese /məuX/. While scholars like Ngô Đức Thịnh propose that it represents a systematic worship of mother goddesses, Đạo Mẫu draws together fairly disparate beliefs and practices.
Besides folk religion, religion in Vietnam has historically been a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, known in Vietnamese as the Tam Giáo ("the three religions"). [20] Recently, scholars have provided empirical evidence on the existence of the socio-cultural phenomenon called "cultural additivity" in Vietnamese history and society. [21]
Hòa Hảo is a new religious movement [1] and it was named after the founder Huỳnh Phú Sổ's native village of Hoa Hao [1] (Hòa Hảo; [2] Vietnamese: [hwaː˨˩ haːw˧˩] ⓘ; chữ Hán: 和好; literally "peace and amicability"), [15] in what is now Thốt Nốt District of An Giang Province, Vietnam. [16]