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Onager with a bowl bucket Sketch of an onager with a sling, a later improvement that increased the length of the throwing arm, from Antique technology by Diels.. The onager (UK: / ˈ ɒ n ə dʒ ə /, / ˈ ɒ n ə ɡ ə /; US: / ˈ ɑː n ə dʒ ə r /) [1] was a Roman torsion-powered siege engine.
The torsion mangonel myth began in the 18th century when Francis Grose claimed that the onager was the dominant medieval artillery until the arrival of gunpowder. In the mid-19th century, Guillaume Henri Dufour adjusted this framework by arguing that onagers went out of use in medieval times, but were directly replaced by the counterweight trebuchet.
The onager is a member of the subgenus Asinus, belonging to the genus Equus and is classified under the family Equidae. The species was described and given its binomial name Equus hemionus by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775. The Asiatic wild ass, among Old World equids, existed for more than 4 million years.
The hot comb was an invention developed in France as a way for women with coarse curly hair to achieve a fine straight look traditionally modeled by historical Egyptian women. [44] However, it was Annie Malone who first patented this tool, while her protégé and former worker, Madam C. J. Walker, widened the teeth. [45]
Mangonel was a general term for medieval stone-throwing artillery and was used more specifically to refer to manually (traction--) powered weapons. It is sometimes wrongly used to refer to the onager. [10] Modern military historians came up with the term "traction trebuchet" to distinguish it from previous torsion machines such as the onager. [11]
As of October 2020, YouTube is the second-most popular website in the world, behind Google, according to Alexa Internet. [1] As of May 2019, more than 500 hours of video content are uploaded to YouTube every minute. [2] Based on reported quarterly advertising revenue, YouTube is estimated to have US$15 billion in annual revenues.
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Iceland (2009–2013): As prime minister, she was the world's first openly lesbian world leader, first female world leader to wed a same-sex partner while in office. Elizabeth II , United Kingdom (1952–2022): In 2015, she became the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history.
The Edisonia was the first known dedicated, purpose-built motion picture theater in the world. [13] Alice Guy-Blaché, the first female film director [14] makes La Fée aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy) acknowledged as the first narrative fiction film. This movie also introduces screenplays for the first time. [citation needed]