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The trophoblast (from Greek trephein: to feed; and blastos: germinator) is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans. [ 1 ] They provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta .
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
They are sometimes called intermediate trophoblast. [1] EVTs that derive from CYT cells on the surface of placental chorionic villi that come into contact with the uterine wall - at the placental bed - begin to express the HLA-G antigen. [2] Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells migrate from anchoring villi, and invade into the decidua basalis.
The cytotrophoblast secretes proteolytic enzymes to break down the extracellular matrix between the endometrial cells to allow finger-like projections of trophoblast to penetrate through. Projections of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast pull the embryo into the endometrium until it is fully covered by endometrial epithelium, save for the ...
The trophoblast then differentiates into an inner layer, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast contains cuboidal epithelial cells and is the source of dividing cells , and the syncytiotrophoblast is a syncytial layer without cell boundaries.
Human eye. The ocular immune system protects the eye from infection and regulates healing processes following injuries. The interior of the eye lacks lymph vessels but is highly vascularized, and many immune cells reside in the uvea, including mostly macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. [1]
Beard believed that the following about the trophoblast: 1) The trophoblast represented the larval phase of human development 2) the embryo and trophoblast competed and were at odds of each other 3) at birth placenta dies and was ejected 4) Proteins in the trophoblast are "stereotactically different" from those in embryo. [2] [4] [5]
Implantation site intermediate trophoblast. Low molecular weight cytokeratin stain. Intermediate trophoblast is a distinct subtype of trophoblastic tissue that arises from the cytotrophoblast. [1] It is sub-categorized by location: [1] Villous intermediate trophoblast: at anchoring villi of trophoblastic column; Implantation site intermediate ...