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California's own consumption of table production grew from 1980 to 2001 from 1.8 to 3.5 kilograms (4.0 to 7.7 lb) per capita per year. [7] Consumption here and throughout the country is so high that the country remains a net importer despite this state's production, which reached 71,000 short tons (64,000 t) in the 2015 table harvest.
California is one of the top five states in water use for livestock. Water withdrawals for livestock use in California were 101–250 million US gallons (380,000,000–950,000,000 L)/day in 2010. [194] Saudi Arabian companies and individuals have bought land here and in Arizona to benefit from subsidized water. [195]
As of 2016, the oldest surviving living vine of Mission grape exists at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, with the oldest vine still bearing fruit being at Avila Adobe. [32] [h] In 2017, most of the state's remaining plantings of the Mission grapes are in the Gold Country, growing in about total 1,000 acres (400 ha). [25]
Livermore Valley's viticultural history began with the planting of vines during the Mission Period (1796-1833). However, at the time, the Valley, part of the Rancho Valle de San José, was more famous for horses than viticulture. The Spanish family names of Bernal, Amador, Pico and Noriega were noted in horse racing circles as far as Mexico City.
In California, the first major vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego. Later missionaries carried vines northward; Sonoma's first vineyard was planted around 1805. [4] California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine.
Vitis californica is a deciduous vine. It is fast growing and can grow to over 10 metres (33 ft) in length. [2] It climbs on other plants or covers the ground with twisted, woody ropes of vine covered in green leaves.
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Fruit usually hold 4 or more seeds. Seeds sprout in the cool wetness of late winter. Seeds have an intriguing germination process. The initial shoot emerges from the seed and grows downward into the earth. This shoot then splits, one part beginning to swell and form the tuber, while the second part grows back to the surface and becomes the vine.