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The product of a step function with a number is also a step function. As such, the step functions form an algebra over the real numbers. A step function takes only a finite number of values. If the intervals , for =,, …, in the above definition of the step function are disjoint and their union is the real line, then () = for all .
A function f : [a, b] → R is called a regulated function if it is the uniform limit of a sequence of step functions on [a, b]: there is a sequence of step functions (φ n) n∈N such that || φ n − f || ∞ → 0 as n → ∞; or, equivalently, for all ε > 0, there exists a step function φ ε such that || φ ε − f || ∞ < ε; or ...
where is a function : [,), and the initial condition is a given vector. First-order means that only the first derivative of y appears in the equation, and higher derivatives are absent. Without loss of generality to higher-order systems, we restrict ourselves to first-order differential equations, because a higher-order ODE can be converted ...
The Riemann–Stieltjes integral admits integration by parts in the form () = () () ()and the existence of either integral implies the existence of the other. [2]On the other hand, a classical result [3] shows that the integral is well-defined if f is α-Hölder continuous and g is β-Hölder continuous with α + β > 1 .
Let Reg([0, T]; X) denote the set of all regulated functions f : [0, T] → X. Sums and scalar multiples of regulated functions are again regulated functions. In other words, Reg([0, T]; X) is a vector space over the same field K as the space X; typically, K will be the real or complex numbers.
Let (;) be a multivector-valued function of -grade input and general position , linear in its first argument. Then the fundamental theorem of geometric calculus relates the integral of a derivative over the volume V {\displaystyle V} to the integral over its boundary:
In the case of finitely many jump discontinuities, f is a step function. The examples above are generalised step functions; they are very special cases of what are called jump functions or saltus-functions. [8] [9] More generally, the analysis of monotone functions has been studied by many mathematicians, starting from Abel, Jordan and Darboux.
Analytic continuation of natural logarithm (imaginary part) Analytic continuation is a technique to extend the domain of a given analytic function.Analytic continuation often succeeds in defining further values of a function, for example in a new region where an infinite series representation in terms of which it is initially defined becomes divergent.
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