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The American War-Dog, a 1916 political cartoon by Oscar Cesare, with the dog named "Jingo". Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. [1]
The OED attests the first appearance in 1694, in an English edition of the works of François Rabelais as a translation for the French par Dieu! ("by God!"). The full expression is "By the living Jingo", substituting for the phrase "By the living God" (referring to the Christian belief that Jesus Christ rose from the dead).
Jingoism, aggressive nationalism; Empress Jingū (also Jingū or Jingō), a legendary empress of Japan; Jingo, from the Discworld series "Jin-go-lo-ba" or "Jingo", a 1959 song by Babatunde Olatunji, covered by multiple artists; Jingo, Kansas, a community in the United States; Jingo, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
Hu Shih proclaimed that "a dead language cannot produce a living literature." [ 29 ] In theory, the new format allowed people with little education to read texts, articles and books. He charged that Literary Chinese was understood by only scholars and officials (ironically, the new vernacular included many foreign words and Japanese neologisms ...
[2] [4] [8] This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term jingoism, which has retained the meaning of chauvinism strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism. [8] [9] [10] In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus:
Members include translators, interpreters, educators, project managers, web and software developers, language services companies, hospitals, universities, and government agencies. ATA offers certification examinations for its members in some language combinations [3] and is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT).
ISO 17100:2015 Translation Services-Requirements for Translation Services was published on May 1, 2015. It was prepared by the International Organization for Standardization's Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 5, Translation, interpreting and related technology.
: In 1988, Berlitz International, Inc. acquired Language Institute for English (L.I.F.E.), which later became ELS Language Centers. [17] Second Language Testing, Inc.: Specializes in the development of second language proficiency tests and the translation and adaptation of standardized achievement tests to students' native languages and ...