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  2. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet–visible...

    A UV-Vis spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument that measures the amount of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light that is absorbed by a sample. It is a widely used technique in chemistry, biochemistry, and other fields, to identify and quantify compounds in a variety of samples.

  3. List of vacuum tubes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes

    Some specify which end of the filament is to be powered by the positive side of the filament power supply (usually a battery). All have glass bodies that measure from 0.285 to 0.400 inches (7.2 to 10.2 millimetres) wide, and from 1.25 to 2.00 inches (32 to 51 millimetres) in overall length.

  4. Electromagnetic spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

    In frequency (and thus energy), UV rays sit between the violet end of the visible spectrum and the X-ray range. The UV wavelength spectrum ranges from 399 nm to 10 nm and is divided into 3 sections: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UV is the lowest energy range energetic enough to ionize atoms, separating electrons from them, and thus causing chemical reactions.

  5. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

    UV LEDs, with spectra range of 220 nm to 395 nm, have other applications, such as water/air purification, surface disinfection, glue curing, free-space non-line-of-sight communication, high performance liquid chromatography, UV curing dye printing, phototherapy (295nm Vitamin D, 308nm Excimer lamp or laser replacement), medical/ analytical ...

  6. Photometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometer

    Historically, a photometer was separate from the camera and known as an exposure meter. The advanced photometers then could be used either to measure the light from the potential picture as a whole, to measure from elements of the picture to ascertain that the most important parts of the picture are optimally exposed, or to measure the incident ...

  7. Traveling-wave tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube

    Soviet UV-1008 (УВ-1008) TWT from 1976, with waveguide input and output. There are a number of RF amplifier tubes that operate in a similar fashion to the TWT, known collectively as velocity-modulated tubes. The best known example is the klystron. All of these tubes use the same basic "bunching" of electrons to provide the amplification ...

  8. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    The absorption was attributed to a sequence of overtone and combination bands whose intensity decreases at each step, giving rise to an absolute minimum at 418 nm, at which wavelength the attenuation coefficient is about 0.0044 m −1, which is an attenuation length of about 227 meters. These values correspond to pure absorption without ...

  9. Halo antenna - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_antenna

    A halo antenna is distinct from the small-loop antenna in size, [a] radiation resistance, and efficiency, but their radiation patterns are nearly the same. A halo antenna is a self-resonant antenna: Its feedpoint impedance is reactance-free / purely resistive at the design frequency.