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Built-in variable optical attenuators may be either manually or electrically controlled. A manual device is useful for one-time set up of a system, and is a near-equivalent to a fixed attenuator, and may be referred to as an "adjustable attenuator". In contrast, an electrically controlled attenuator can provide adaptive power optimization.
At point 0 along the fiber, the wave in polarization mode 1 induces an amplitude into mode 2 at some phase. However at point 1/2 L b along the fiber, the same coupling coefficient between the polarization modes induces an amplitude into mode 2 which is now 180 degrees out of phase with the wave coupled at point zero, leading to cancellation.
The beam width is the single most important characteristic of a laser beam profile. At least five definitions of beam width are in common use: D4σ, 10/90 or 20/80 knife-edge, 1/e 2 , FWHM, and D86. The D4σ beam width is the ISO standard definition and the measurement of the M 2 beam quality parameter requires the measurement of the D4σ widths.
In many cases, attenuation is an exponential function of the path length through the medium. In optics and in chemical spectroscopy , this is known as the Beer–Lambert law . In engineering, attenuation is usually measured in units of decibels per unit length of medium (dB/cm, dB/km, etc.) and is represented by the attenuation coefficient of ...
Equipment for single-mode fiber is more expensive than equipment for multi-mode optical fiber, but the single-mode fiber itself is usually cheaper in bulk. [citation needed] Cross section of a single-mode optical fiber patch cord end, taken with a fiberscope. The circle is the cladding, 125 μm in diameter. Debris is visible as a streak on the ...
The Extended Functions module added many functions which had long been requested by users, such as the ability to programmatically assign functions to keys, repartition memory, etc. But the most important new function was the management of extended memory: while the HP-41C could theoretically access up to 1024 registers, the early design ...
A Π-pad attenuator formed from two symmetrical L sections. Because of the symmetry, R 1 = R 3 in this case. For an attenuator, Z and Y are simple resistors and γ becomes the image parameter attenuation (that is, the attenuation when terminated with the image impedances) in nepers. A Π pad can be viewed as being two L sections back-to-back as ...
However, if a sufficiently large attenuator is placed between the two variable impedances, this will have the effect of masking the effect. A high value attenuator will have an input impedance no matter what the terminating impedance on the other side. In the example practical chain shown above there is a 22 dB attenuator required in the chain.
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