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A431 cells were established from an epidermoid carcinoma in the skin of an 85- year-old female patient. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation of A431 cells induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins which control cellular processes such as growth, proliferation and apoptosis.
At the start of his experiment he named the primary culture "phase one". Phase two is defined as the period when cells are proliferating; Hayflick called this the time of "luxuriant growth". After months of doubling the cells eventually reach phase three, a phenomenon he named "senescence", where cell replication rate slows before halting ...
The notion of doubling time dates to interest on loans in Babylonian mathematics. Clay tablets from circa 2000 BCE include the exercise "Given an interest rate of 1/60 per month (no compounding), come the doubling time." This yields an annual interest rate of 12/60 = 20%, and hence a doubling time of 100% growth/20% growth per year = 5 years.
These downstream signaling proteins initiate several signal transduction cascades, principally the MAPK, Akt and JNK pathways, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. [12] Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Activation of the receptor is important for the innate immune response in ...
Cellosaurus is an online knowledge base on cell lines, which attempts to document all cell lines used in biomedical research. [1] It is provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). It is an ELIXIR Core Data Resource [ 2 ] [ 3 ] as well as an IRDiRC's Recognized Resource. [ 4 ]
Immune system cells can be recruited by SASP to senescent cells, after which the SASP from the senescent cells can induce the immune system cells to become senescent. [ 64 ] Chimeric antigen receptor T cells have been proposed as an alternative means to senolytic drugs for the elimination of senescent cells. [ 64 ]
If growth is not limited, doubling will continue at a constant rate so both the number of cells and the rate of population increase doubles with each consecutive time period. For this type of exponential growth, plotting the natural logarithm of cell number against time produces a straight line.
The cell line is a great model for breast cancer cells because the cells proliferate at a fast rate and is stimulated by androgens, but inhibited by progesterone, estrogen, and Her-2 receptors. The specific mutation that contributes to the cell cancer line is a glutamate to histidine change found on exon 7; more specifically, the amino acid 865.