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A caravan (from Persian کاروان kârvân) is a group of people traveling together, often on a trade expedition. [1] Caravans were used mainly in desert areas and throughout the Silk Road , where traveling in groups helped in defense against bandits as well as in improving economies of scale in trade.
Coopersale Hall (House); early 19th century lithograph. Coopersale House, of "Tudor style", was the centre of an estate with grounds which were described as being "extensive and well arranged and contain a large sheet of water."
For crusader castles in Poland and the Baltic states, see Ordensburg. Sidon's Sea Castle built by the crusaders as a fortress of the Holy Land in Sidon, Lebanon. There were two major phases of the deliberate destruction of Crusader castles: in 1187 by Saladin and after 1260 by the Mamluks. The intention was often to prevent the castles being ...
He also emphasised the view that the forgiveness of sin was a gift from God, not a reward for the suffering endured by the crusader while on crusade. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] It was in the 1213 papal bull called Quia maior that he reached out beyond the noble warrior class, offering all Christians the opportunity to redeem their vows without going on crusade.
Other crusader leaders included patriarch Henry of Asti, The crusade was a naval success and Smyrna was taken. Zeno was killed by Umur Bey's forces in an ambush while he and other crusaderswere attempting to celebrate mass in the no-man's-land between the battle lines. [134] [135] [136]
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Epping market attracts shoppers from surrounding villages and towns every Monday. A prominent building in Epping is the District Council's office with its clock tower, designed to bring balance to the High Street with the old Gothic Revival water tower at the southern end, built in 1872, and St John's Church tower in the centre.
It was listed for sale in late August 2011, [10] was sold to the Epping Ongar Railway by September, and left the MNR after their Autumn Gala. [11] It is currently in BR Blue and is Operational. [8] Operational 45132 "Peak" BR: 1Co-Co1: Class 45: 45132 was built as D22 in 1961 by BR Derby works. It was converted to electric in the 1970s and ...