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Proponents of transpersonal psychology were behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the American Psychiatric Association called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem", which was approved by the Task Force on DSM-IV in 1993, after changing its name to Religious or spiritual problem.
Illustration from The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese book of alchemy and meditation.. Psychonautics (from the Ancient Greek ψυχή psychē 'soul, spirit, mind' and ναύτης naútēs 'sailor, navigator') [1] refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness, including those induced by meditation or mind-altering ...
Higher consciousness (also called expanded consciousness) is a term that has been used in various ways to label particular states of consciousness or personal development. [1] It may be used to describe a state of liberation from the limitations of self-concept or ego , as well as a state of mystical experience in which the perceived separation ...
In The Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology (1989 edition), Stuart Sutherland emphasized external awareness, and expressed a skeptical attitude more than a definition: Consciousness—The having of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; awareness. The term is impossible to define except in terms that are unintelligible without a grasp of what ...
Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transpersonal, self-transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human experience. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology describes transpersonal psychology as "the study of humanity’s highest potential, and with the recognition, understanding, and realization of unitive ...
Early notable examples include William James in The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902); the study of the term "cosmic consciousness" by Edward Carpenter (1892) [6] and psychiatrist Richard Bucke (in his book Cosmic Consciousness, 1901); the definition of "oceanic feeling" by Romain Rolland (1927) and its study by Freud; Rudolf Otto's ...
Boyer builds on the ideas of cognitive anthropologists Dan Sperber and Scott Atran, who first argued that religious cognition represents a by-product of various evolutionary adaptations, including folk psychology, and purposeful violations of innate expectations about how the world is constructed (for example, bodiless beings with thoughts and ...
The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism, specifically in Nichiren Buddhism, [1] that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It fundamentally draws on how people's physical bodies react to the external world, then considers the inner workings of the mind which result in a person's actions.