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Run command with specified security context seq: Prints a sequence of numbers sleep: Delays for a specified amount of time stat: Returns data about an inode: stdbuf: Controls buffering for commands that use stdio stty: Changes and prints terminal line settings tee: Sends output to multiple files test: Evaluates an expression timeout: Run a ...
Return user identity System V ipcrm: Misc Optional (XSI) Remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment identifier System V ipcs: Misc Optional (XSI) Report interprocess communication facilities status System V jobs: Process management Optional (UP) Display status of jobs in the current session join: Text processing Mandatory
Multi-process tasks come about because processes may create additional child processes, and a single shell command may consist of a pipeline of multiple communicating processes. For example, a command to select lines containing the text "title", sort these alphabetically, and display the result in a pager .
For example, tr -s '\n' replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline. The d flag causes tr to delete all tokens of the specified set of characters from its input. In this case, only a single character set argument is used. The following command removes carriage return characters. tr -d '\r'
v – Command-line arguments are passed to the function as an array (vector) of pointers. path. The argument specifies the path name of the file to execute as the new process image. Arguments beginning at arg0 are pointers to arguments to be passed to the new process image.
When a process calls fork, it is deemed the parent process and the newly created process is its child. After the fork, both processes not only run the same program, but they resume execution as though both had called the system call. They can then inspect the call's return value to determine their status, child or parent, and act accordingly.
The proc filesystem (procfs) is a special filesystem in Unix-like operating systems that presents information about processes and other system information in a hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional tracing methods or direct access to kernel memory.
Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams. Each | tells the shell to connect the standard output of the command on the left to the standard input of the command on the right by an inter-process communication mechanism called an (anonymous) pipe, implemented in the operating ...